2021
|
Sonja Jäckle; Annkristin Lange; Verónica García-Vázquez; Tim Eixmann; Florian Matysiak; Malte Maria Sieren; Marco Horn; Hinnerk Schulz-Hildebrandt; Gereon Hüttmann; Floris Ernst; Stefan Heldmann; Torben Pätz; Tobias Preusser Instrument Localization for Endovascular Aneurysm Repair – Comparison of two methods based on Tracking Systems or using Imaging Journal Article In: The International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, vol. n/a, no. n/a, pp. e2327, 2021. @article{https://doi.org/10.1002/rcs.2327,
title = {Instrument Localization for Endovascular Aneurysm Repair \textendash Comparison of two methods based on Tracking Systems or using Imaging},
author = {Sonja J\"{a}ckle and Annkristin Lange and Ver\'{o}nica Garc\'{i}a-V\'{a}zquez and Tim Eixmann and Florian Matysiak and Malte Maria Sieren and Marco Horn and Hinnerk Schulz-Hildebrandt and Gereon H\"{u}ttmann and Floris Ernst and Stefan Heldmann and Torben P\"{a}tz and Tobias Preusser},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/rcs.2327},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/rcs.2327},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-09-04},
journal = {The International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery},
volume = {n/a},
number = {n/a},
pages = {e2327},
abstract = {Abstract Background In endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) procedures, medical instruments are currently navigated with a two-dimensional imaging based guidance requiring X-rays and contrast agent. Methods Novel approaches for obtaining the three-dimensional instrument positions are introduced. First, a method based on fiber optical shape sensing, one electromagnetic sensor and a preoperative computed tomography (CT) scan is described. Second, an approach based on image processing using one 2D fluoroscopic image and a preoperative CT scan is introduced. Results For the tracking based method, average errors from 1.81 to 3.13 mm and maximum errors from 3.21 to 5.46 mm were measured. For the image-based approach, average errors from 3.07 to 6.02 mm and maximum errors from 8.05 to 15.75 mm were measured. Conclusion The tracking based method is promising for usage in EVAR procedures. For the image-based approach are applications in smaller vessels more suitable, since its errors increase with the vessel diameter. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Abstract Background In endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) procedures, medical instruments are currently navigated with a two-dimensional imaging based guidance requiring X-rays and contrast agent. Methods Novel approaches for obtaining the three-dimensional instrument positions are introduced. First, a method based on fiber optical shape sensing, one electromagnetic sensor and a preoperative computed tomography (CT) scan is described. Second, an approach based on image processing using one 2D fluoroscopic image and a preoperative CT scan is introduced. Results For the tracking based method, average errors from 1.81 to 3.13 mm and maximum errors from 3.21 to 5.46 mm were measured. For the image-based approach, average errors from 3.07 to 6.02 mm and maximum errors from 8.05 to 15.75 mm were measured. Conclusion The tracking based method is promising for usage in EVAR procedures. For the image-based approach are applications in smaller vessels more suitable, since its errors increase with the vessel diameter. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. |
Hinnerk Schulz-Hildebrandt; Martin Ahrens; Michael Münter; Elisa Wilken; Tabea Kohlfärber; Cornelia Holzhausen; Peter König; Gereon Hüttmann Endo-microscopic optical coherence tomography (emOCT) with dynamic contrast Proceedings Article In: M.D., Guillermo Tearney J; Wang, Thomas D; Suter, Melissa J (Ed.): Endoscopic Microscopy XVI, International Society for Optics and Photonics SPIE, 2021. @inproceedings{10.1117/12.2575733,
title = {Endo-microscopic optical coherence tomography (emOCT) with dynamic contrast},
author = {Hinnerk Schulz-Hildebrandt and Martin Ahrens and Michael M\"{u}nter and Elisa Wilken and Tabea Kohlf\"{a}rber and Cornelia Holzhausen and Peter K\"{o}nig and Gereon H\"{u}ttmann},
editor = {Guillermo Tearney J M.D. and Thomas D Wang and Melissa J Suter},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2575733},
doi = {10.1117/12.2575733},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
booktitle = {Endoscopic Microscopy XVI},
volume = {11620},
publisher = {SPIE},
organization = {International Society for Optics and Photonics},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
|
Tabea Kohlfaerber; Michael Münter; Mario Pieper; Peter König; Ramtin Rahmanzadeh; Gereon Hüttmann; Hinnerk Schulz-Hildebrandt Comparison between dynamic microscopic OCT and autofluorescence multiphoton microscopy for label-free analysis of murine trachea Proceedings Article In: Izatt, Joseph A; Fujimoto, James G (Ed.): Optical Coherence Tomography and Coherence Domain Optical Methods in Biomedicine XXV, International Society for Optics and Photonics SPIE, 2021. @inproceedings{10.1117/12.2583811,
title = {Comparison between dynamic microscopic OCT and autofluorescence multiphoton microscopy for label-free analysis of murine trachea},
author = {Tabea Kohlfaerber and Michael M\"{u}nter and Mario Pieper and Peter K\"{o}nig and Ramtin Rahmanzadeh and Gereon H\"{u}ttmann and Hinnerk Schulz-Hildebrandt},
editor = {Joseph A Izatt and James G Fujimoto},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2583811},
doi = {10.1117/12.2583811},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
booktitle = {Optical Coherence Tomography and Coherence Domain Optical Methods in Biomedicine XXV},
volume = {11630},
publisher = {SPIE},
organization = {International Society for Optics and Photonics},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
|
Martin Ahrens; Christian Idel; Peter König; Gereon Hüttmann; Hinnerk Schulz-Hildebrandt Voice coil based endomicroscopic optical coherence tomography probe for in vivo mucosa examination Proceedings Article In: M.D., Guillermo Tearney J; Wang, Thomas D; Suter, Melissa J (Ed.): Endoscopic Microscopy XVI, International Society for Optics and Photonics SPIE, 2021. @inproceedings{10.1117/12.2578787,
title = {Voice coil based endomicroscopic optical coherence tomography probe for in vivo mucosa examination},
author = {Martin Ahrens and Christian Idel and Peter K\"{o}nig and Gereon H\"{u}ttmann and Hinnerk Schulz-Hildebrandt},
editor = {Guillermo Tearney J M.D. and Thomas D Wang and Melissa J Suter},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2578787},
doi = {10.1117/12.2578787},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
booktitle = {Endoscopic Microscopy XVI},
volume = {11620},
publisher = {SPIE},
organization = {International Society for Optics and Photonics},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
|
Felix Hilge; Michael Evers; Malte Casper; Joshua Zev Glahn; Weeranut Phothong M.D.; Garuna Kositratna M.D.; Hinnerk Schulz-Hildebrandt; Gereon Hüttmann; Dieter Manstein M.D. Novel method to assess the impact of aging and sun exposure on skin morphology by optical coherence tomography Proceedings Article In: Choi, Bernard; Zeng, Haishan (Ed.): Photonics in Dermatology and Plastic Surgery 2021, International Society for Optics and Photonics SPIE, 2021. @inproceedings{10.1117/12.2577822,
title = {Novel method to assess the impact of aging and sun exposure on skin morphology by optical coherence tomography},
author = {Felix Hilge and Michael Evers and Malte Casper and Joshua Zev Glahn and Weeranut Phothong M.D. and Garuna Kositratna M.D. and Hinnerk Schulz-Hildebrandt and Gereon H\"{u}ttmann and Dieter Manstein M.D.},
editor = {Bernard Choi and Haishan Zeng},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2577822},
doi = {10.1117/12.2577822},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
booktitle = {Photonics in Dermatology and Plastic Surgery 2021},
volume = {11618},
publisher = {SPIE},
organization = {International Society for Optics and Photonics},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
|
Sonja Jäckle; Tim Eixmann; Florian Matysiak; Malte Maria Sieren; Marco Horn; Hinnerk Schulz-Hildebrandt; Gereon Hüttmann; Torben Pätz 3D Stent Graft Guidance based on Tracking Systems for Endovascular Aneurysm Repair: Journal Article In: Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 17–20, 2021. @article{Jaeckle2021c,
title = {3D Stent Graft Guidance based on Tracking Systems for Endovascular Aneurysm Repair:},
author = {Sonja J\"{a}ckle and Tim Eixmann and Florian Matysiak and Malte Maria Sieren and Marco Horn and Hinnerk Schulz-Hildebrandt and Gereon H\"{u}ttmann and Torben P\"{a}tz},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2021-1004},
doi = {doi:10.1515/cdbme-2021-1004},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
urldate = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {17--20},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
Matteo Giuseppe Cereda; Salvatore Parrulli; Y G M Douven; Koorosh Faridpooya; Saskia Romunde; Gereon Hüttmann; Tim Eixmann; Hinnerk Schulz-Hildebrandt; Gernot Kronreif; Maarten Beelen; Marc D Smet Clinical Evaluation of an Instrument-Integrated OCT-Based Distance Sensor for Robotic Vitreoretinal Surgery Journal Article In: Ophthalmology Science, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 100085, 2021, ISSN: 2666-9145. @article{CEREDA2021100085,
title = {Clinical Evaluation of an Instrument-Integrated OCT-Based Distance Sensor for Robotic Vitreoretinal Surgery},
author = {Matteo Giuseppe Cereda and Salvatore Parrulli and Y G M Douven and Koorosh Faridpooya and Saskia Romunde and Gereon H\"{u}ttmann and Tim Eixmann and Hinnerk Schulz-Hildebrandt and Gernot Kronreif and Maarten Beelen and Marc D Smet},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666914521000750},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xops.2021.100085},
issn = {2666-9145},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Ophthalmology Science},
volume = {1},
number = {4},
pages = {100085},
abstract = {Purpose
To assess the efficacy of an instrument-integrated OCT (iiOCT)-based distance sensor during robotic vitreoretinal surgery using the Preceyes Surgical System (PSS; Preceyes B.V.).
Design
Single-center interventional study.
Participants
Patients requiring vitreoretinal surgery.
Methods
Five patients were enrolled. Standard preoperative OCT images were obtained. After vitrectomy, a predefined set of actions was performed using the iiOCT-based sensor. Images then were processed to assess the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at various angles to the retina and at different distances between the instrument tip and the retinal surface. Preoperative and intraoperative OCT images were compared qualitatively and quantitatively.
Main Outcomes Measures
The feasibility in performing surgical tasks using the iiOCT-based sensor during vitreoretinal surgery, the SNR when imaging the retina, differences among intraoperative and preoperative OCT images, and characteristics of intraoperative retinal movements detected with the iiOCT-based probe.
Results
Surgeons were able to perform all the tasks but one. The PSS was able to maintain a fixed distance. The SNR of the iiOCT-based sensor signal was adequate to determine the distance to the retina and to control the PSS. Analysis of iiOCT-based sensor A-scans identified 3 clearly distinguishable retinal layers, including the inner retinal boundary and the interface at the retinal pigment epithelium\textendashBruch's membrane. Thickness values differed by less than 5% from that measured by preoperative OCT, indicating its accuracy. The Fourier analysis of iiOCT-based sensor recordings identified anteroposterior retinal movements attributed to heartbeat and respiration.
Conclusions
This iiOCT-based sensor was tested successfully and promises reliable use during robot-assisted surgery. An iiOCT-based sensor is a promising step toward OCT-guided robotic retinal surgery.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Purpose
To assess the efficacy of an instrument-integrated OCT (iiOCT)-based distance sensor during robotic vitreoretinal surgery using the Preceyes Surgical System (PSS; Preceyes B.V.).
Design
Single-center interventional study.
Participants
Patients requiring vitreoretinal surgery.
Methods
Five patients were enrolled. Standard preoperative OCT images were obtained. After vitrectomy, a predefined set of actions was performed using the iiOCT-based sensor. Images then were processed to assess the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at various angles to the retina and at different distances between the instrument tip and the retinal surface. Preoperative and intraoperative OCT images were compared qualitatively and quantitatively.
Main Outcomes Measures
The feasibility in performing surgical tasks using the iiOCT-based sensor during vitreoretinal surgery, the SNR when imaging the retina, differences among intraoperative and preoperative OCT images, and characteristics of intraoperative retinal movements detected with the iiOCT-based probe.
Results
Surgeons were able to perform all the tasks but one. The PSS was able to maintain a fixed distance. The SNR of the iiOCT-based sensor signal was adequate to determine the distance to the retina and to control the PSS. Analysis of iiOCT-based sensor A-scans identified 3 clearly distinguishable retinal layers, including the inner retinal boundary and the interface at the retinal pigment epithelium–Bruch's membrane. Thickness values differed by less than 5% from that measured by preoperative OCT, indicating its accuracy. The Fourier analysis of iiOCT-based sensor recordings identified anteroposterior retinal movements attributed to heartbeat and respiration.
Conclusions
This iiOCT-based sensor was tested successfully and promises reliable use during robot-assisted surgery. An iiOCT-based sensor is a promising step toward OCT-guided robotic retinal surgery. |
Malte Maria Sieren; Sonja Jäckle; Tim Eixmann; Hinnerk Schulz-Hildebrandt; Florian Matysiak; Mark Preuss; Verónica García-Vázquez; Erik Stahlberg; Markus Kleemann; Jörg Barkhausen; Jan Goltz; Marco Horn Radiation-free Thoracic Endovascular Aneurysm Repair with Fiberoptic and Electromagnetic Guidance:A Phantom Study Journal Article In: Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, 2021, ISSN: 1051-0443. @article{SIEREN2021,
title = {Radiation-free Thoracic Endovascular Aneurysm Repair with Fiberoptic and Electromagnetic Guidance:A Phantom Study},
author = {Malte Maria Sieren and Sonja J\"{a}ckle and Tim Eixmann and Hinnerk Schulz-Hildebrandt and Florian Matysiak and Mark Preuss and Ver\'{o}nica Garc\'{i}a-V\'{a}zquez and Erik Stahlberg and Markus Kleemann and J\"{o}rg Barkhausen and Jan Goltz and Marco Horn},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1051044321016079},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2021.12.025},
issn = {1051-0443},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology},
abstract = {Purpose
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of a radiation-free implantation of a thoracic aortic stent-graft employing fiberoptic and electromagnetic tracking in an anthropomorphic phantom.
Materials and Methods
An anthropomorphic phantom was manufactured based on computed tomography angiography (CTA) data from a patient. An aortic stent-graft application system was equipped with a fiber Bragg gratings fiber and three electromagnetic sensors. The stent-graft was navigated in the phantom by three interventionalists using the tracking data generated by both technologies. One implantation procedure was performed. The technical success of the procedure was evaluated using digital subtraction angiography and pre- and post-interventional CTA. Tracking accuracy was determined at various anatomical landmarks based on separately acquired fluoroscopic images. The mean/maximum errors were measured for the stent-graft application system and the tip/end of the stent-graft.
Results
The procedure resulted in technical success with a mean error below 3 mm for the entire application system and \<2 mm for the position of the tip of the stent-graft. Navigation/implantation and handling of the device were rated sufficiently accurate and on a par with comparable, routinely used stent-graft application systems.
Conclusion
Our study demonstrates successful stent-graft implantation during a thoracic endovascular aortic repair procedure employing advanced guidance techniques and avoiding fluoroscopic imaging. This is an essential step in facilitating the implantation of stent-grafts and reducing the health risks associated with ionizing radiation during endovascular procedures.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of a radiation-free implantation of a thoracic aortic stent-graft employing fiberoptic and electromagnetic tracking in an anthropomorphic phantom.
Materials and Methods
An anthropomorphic phantom was manufactured based on computed tomography angiography (CTA) data from a patient. An aortic stent-graft application system was equipped with a fiber Bragg gratings fiber and three electromagnetic sensors. The stent-graft was navigated in the phantom by three interventionalists using the tracking data generated by both technologies. One implantation procedure was performed. The technical success of the procedure was evaluated using digital subtraction angiography and pre- and post-interventional CTA. Tracking accuracy was determined at various anatomical landmarks based on separately acquired fluoroscopic images. The mean/maximum errors were measured for the stent-graft application system and the tip/end of the stent-graft.
Results
The procedure resulted in technical success with a mean error below 3 mm for the entire application system and <2 mm for the position of the tip of the stent-graft. Navigation/implantation and handling of the device were rated sufficiently accurate and on a par with comparable, routinely used stent-graft application systems.
Conclusion
Our study demonstrates successful stent-graft implantation during a thoracic endovascular aortic repair procedure employing advanced guidance techniques and avoiding fluoroscopic imaging. This is an essential step in facilitating the implantation of stent-grafts and reducing the health risks associated with ionizing radiation during endovascular procedures. |
2020
|
Hartmut Schneider; Martin Ahrens; Michaela Strumpski; Claudia Rüger; Matthias Häfer; Gereon Hüttmann; Dirk Theisen-Kunde; Hinnerk Schulz-Hildebrandt; Rainer Haak An Intraoral OCT Probe to Enhanced Detection of Approximal Carious Lesions and Assessment of Restorations Journal Article In: Journal of Clinical Medicine 2020, Vol. 9, Page 3257, vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 3257, 2020. @article{Schneider2020,
title = {An Intraoral OCT Probe to Enhanced Detection of Approximal Carious Lesions and Assessment of Restorations},
author = {Hartmut Schneider and Martin Ahrens and Michaela Strumpski and Claudia R\"{u}ger and Matthias H\"{a}fer and Gereon H\"{u}ttmann and Dirk Theisen-Kunde and Hinnerk Schulz-Hildebrandt and Rainer Haak},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/852930},
doi = {10.3390/JCM9103257},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-10-01},
journal = {Journal of Clinical Medicine 2020, Vol. 9, Page 3257},
volume = {9},
number = {10},
pages = {3257},
publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
abstract = {Caries, the world\’s most common chronic disease, remains a major cause of invasive restorative dental treatment. To take advantage of the diagnostic potential of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in contemporary dental prevention and treatment, an intraorally applicable spectral-domain OCT probe has been developed based on an OCT hand-held scanner equipped with a rigid 90\°-optics endoscope. The probe was verified in vitro. In vivo, all tooth surfaces could be imaged with the OCT probe, except the vestibular surfaces of third molars and the proximal surface sections of molars within a "blind spot" at a distance greater than 2.5 mm from the tooth surface. Proximal surfaces of 64 posterior teeth of four volunteers were assessed by intraoral OCT, visual-tactile inspection, bitewing radiography and fiber-optic transillumination. The agreement in detecting healthy and carious surfaces varied greatly between OCT and established methods (18.2-94.7%), whereby the established methods could always be supplemented by OCT. Direct and indirect composite and ceramic restorations with inherent imperfections and failures of the tooth-restoration bond were imaged and qualitatively evaluated. The intraoral OCT probe proved to be a powerful technological approach for the non-invasive imaging of healthy and carious hard tooth tissues and gingiva as well as tooth-colored restorations.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Caries, the world’s most common chronic disease, remains a major cause of invasive restorative dental treatment. To take advantage of the diagnostic potential of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in contemporary dental prevention and treatment, an intraorally applicable spectral-domain OCT probe has been developed based on an OCT hand-held scanner equipped with a rigid 90°-optics endoscope. The probe was verified in vitro. In vivo, all tooth surfaces could be imaged with the OCT probe, except the vestibular surfaces of third molars and the proximal surface sections of molars within a "blind spot" at a distance greater than 2.5 mm from the tooth surface. Proximal surfaces of 64 posterior teeth of four volunteers were assessed by intraoral OCT, visual-tactile inspection, bitewing radiography and fiber-optic transillumination. The agreement in detecting healthy and carious surfaces varied greatly between OCT and established methods (18.2–94.7%), whereby the established methods could always be supplemented by OCT. Direct and indirect composite and ceramic restorations with inherent imperfections and failures of the tooth-restoration bond were imaged and qualitatively evaluated. The intraoral OCT probe proved to be a powerful technological approach for the non-invasive imaging of healthy and carious hard tooth tissues and gingiva as well as tooth-colored restorations. |
Michael Münter; Malte vom Endt; Mario Pieper; Malte Casper; Martin Ahrens; Tabea Kohlfaerber; Ramtin Rahmanzadeh; Peter König; Gereon Hüttmann; Hinnerk Schulz-Hildebrandt Dynamic contrast in scanning microscopic OCT Journal Article In: Opt. Lett., vol. 45, no. 17, pp. 4766–4769, 2020. @article{Munter:20,
title = {Dynamic contrast in scanning microscopic OCT},
author = {Michael M\"{u}nter and Malte vom Endt and Mario Pieper and Malte Casper and Martin Ahrens and Tabea Kohlfaerber and Ramtin Rahmanzadeh and Peter K\"{o}nig and Gereon H\"{u}ttmann and Hinnerk Schulz-Hildebrandt},
url = {http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-45-17-4766},
doi = {10.1364/OL.396134},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-09-01},
journal = {Opt. Lett.},
volume = {45},
number = {17},
pages = {4766--4769},
publisher = {OSA},
abstract = {While optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides a resolution downto 1 textmum, it has difficulties in visualizing cellular structures due to alack of scattering contrast. By evaluating signal fluctuations, asignificant contrast enhancement was demonstrated using time-domainfull-field OCT (FF-OCT), which makes cellular and subcellular structuresvisible. The putative cause of the dynamic OCT signal is thesite-dependent active motion of cellular structures in a sub-micrometerrange, which provides histology-like contrast. Here we demonstrate dynamiccontrast with a scanning frequency-domain OCT (FD-OCT), which we believehas crucial advantages. Given the inherent sectional imaging geometry,scanning FD-OCT provides depth-resolved images across tissue layers, aperspective known from histopathology, much faster and more efficientlythan FF-OCT. Both shorter acquisition times and tomographicdepth-sectioning reduce the sensitivity of dynamic contrast for bulktissue motion artifacts and simplify their correction in post-processing.Dynamic contrast makes microscopic FD-OCT a promising tool for thehistological analysis of unstained tissues.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
While optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides a resolution downto 1 textmum, it has difficulties in visualizing cellular structures due to alack of scattering contrast. By evaluating signal fluctuations, asignificant contrast enhancement was demonstrated using time-domainfull-field OCT (FF-OCT), which makes cellular and subcellular structuresvisible. The putative cause of the dynamic OCT signal is thesite-dependent active motion of cellular structures in a sub-micrometerrange, which provides histology-like contrast. Here we demonstrate dynamiccontrast with a scanning frequency-domain OCT (FD-OCT), which we believehas crucial advantages. Given the inherent sectional imaging geometry,scanning FD-OCT provides depth-resolved images across tissue layers, aperspective known from histopathology, much faster and more efficientlythan FF-OCT. Both shorter acquisition times and tomographicdepth-sectioning reduce the sensitivity of dynamic contrast for bulktissue motion artifacts and simplify their correction in post-processing.Dynamic contrast makes microscopic FD-OCT a promising tool for thehistological analysis of unstained tissues. |